U.S Constitution Ratification Debates Essays - James Madison

U.S Constitution Ratification Debates On September 28, 1787, after three days of bitter debate, the Confederation Congress sent the Constitution to the states with neither an endorsement nor a condemnation. This action, a compromise engineered by Federalist members, disposed of the argument that the convention had exceeded its mandate; in the tacit opinion of Congress, the Constitution was validly before the people. The state legislatures' decisions to hold ratifying conventions confirmed the Constitution's legitimacy. The ratification controversy pitted supporters of the Constitution, who claimed the name Federalists, against a loosely organized group known as Antifederalists. The Antifederalists denounced the Constitution as a radically centralizing document that would destroy American liberty and betray the principles of the Revolution. The Federalists urged that the nation's problems were directly linked to the frail, inadequate Confederation and that nothing short of the Constitution would enable the American people to preserve their liberty and independence, the fruits of the Revolution. The Federalists - led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, John Marshall, James Wilson, John Dickinson, and Roger Sherman - had several advantages. In a time of national political crisis, they offered a clear prescription for the nation's ills; they were well organized and well financed; and they were used to thinking in national terms and to working with politicians from other states. They also had the support of the only two truly national political figures, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. The Antifederalists - led by Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, James Monroe, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, George Clinton, Willie Jones, and Melancton Smith - counted among their advantages the support of most state Ratification debates politicians and the American people's distrust of strong central government. Their most potent argument against the Constitution was that it lacked a bill of rights. The lively newspaper and pamphlet war over the Constitution was a key element of the ratification controversy. Federalists and Antifederalists published hundreds of essays praising or denouncing the document. They often signed these essays with pseudonyms drawn from classical sources such as Plutarch's Lives or from the seventeenth-century English struggles against the tyranny of the Stuart kings. Notable Antifederalist pamphlets included the Letters of Brutus, attributed to Robert Yates; Luther Martin's Genuine Information; Mercy Otis Warren's Observations on the New Constitution ... by a Colombian Patriot; and the Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, whose authorship is still disputed. Every state but Rhode Island elected a ratifying convention in 1787-1788, and only North Carolina's adjourned (August 2, 1788, by a vote of 185-84) without voting on the Constitution. (Rhode Island submitted the Constitution to its town meetings; on March 24, 1788, in a vote boycotted by most Federalists, the voters rejected it, 2,708-237.) The first five ratifications took place in quick succession: Delaware, December 7, 1787 (unanimous); Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787 (46-23); New Jersey, December 18, 1787 (unanimous); Georgia, January 2, 1788 (unanimous); and Connecticut, January 9, 1788 (128-40). In Massachusetts, however, the Constitution ran into serious, organized opposition. Only after two leading Antifederalists, Adams and Hancock negotiated a far-reaching compromise did the convention vote for ratification on February 6, 1788 (187-168). Antifederalists had demanded that the Constitution be amended before they would Ratification debates consider it or that amendments be a condition of ratification; Federalists had retorted that it had to be accepted or rejected as it was. Under the Massachusetts compromise, the delegates recommended amendments to be considered by the new Congress, should the Constitution go into effect. The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution, as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended. All subsequent state conventions but Maryland's recommended amendments as part of their decisions to ratify: Maryland, April 28, 1788 (63-11); South Carolina, May 23, 1788 (149-73); New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 (57-47); Virginia, June 25, 1788 (89-79); and New York, July 26, 1788 (30-27). By that date, eleven states had ratified, including all four critical states. The lists of recommended amendments and the Federalists' promise to work for amendments (particularly a bill of rights), set in motion the process by which the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1789-1791. In turn, the

Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples

Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples Tecting shile drtiving Essay examples Zhichen Wang HIST 2 14 March 2014 Savage or Culturally Advanced? In 15th century, when INCA EMPIRE was still occupying a large areas of Latin Americas and Indians were still a riddle to European voyages and royal households. What on earth is happening on that mistery land ?No one can gave a direct answer. Was that a empire which is high civilized with well developed culture, or it was just a group of barbarian lives there with extreme ignorance and barbarity? The altitude displayed by Cobo towards the indigenous inhabitants of Peru and the altitude displayed by Hernan Cortes was totally different.In this paper, We gonna discuss the hidden reasons behind the data.Though both of their opinions are reasonable, however,I think the disparity were caused by two reasons. In Hernan’s letter to Charles V, 1520. He think that the city of Tenochtitlan , which is the capital of Inca Empire, was a great city. He describes this city(nowadays Mexicanï ¼â€°as a high civilized city with temples, squares and different stores.He gave lots of minor details ab out that city and tries to describes that city as well structured and organized. â€Å"In regard to the domestic appointments of Moctezuma, and the wonderful grandeur and state that he maintains, there is so much to be told, that I assure your highness i know not where to begin my relation, so as to be finish to be able to finsh a part of it† This was cited by the letter, we can see that how jealous the author feel when he first saw a building built with golds and silvers.Thus, it gave us an illusion of that every building there was as magnificent as domestic appointments of Moctezuma. In fact, every single thing written by Hernan Cortes were illusions. He mentioned the stores in the city. â€Å"There are all kinds of green vegetables, especially onions, leeks, garlic,watercresses, nasturtium, borage, sorrel, artichokes, and golden thistle,fruits etc.† Hs was so amazed by the sells of the fruit, fish , vegetables and different porcelains and silks sold in the stores.It is true that all the sells in the city is true but that was because the land of American is abundant. Compared to mainland of European, because the lacks of productivity of corps and fruits, Europeans looks this as a simple of rich and wealth.On the other hand , Latin America was full of silvers and golds, as a result.Hernan Cortes was confused by those illusions and think this as a rich great â€Å"land†.Moreover , the place he described and praised most is the place related to the religion and the center of authority, he was ingenious muted the place where normal citizens of Inca empire lives. In my point , when we talks about a nations , we can’t argued by a piece of block but the entire city. Henan Cortes can’t be a fool to have this one-sided opinion, what he did is to write to Charles V and talks about how wealthy the Inca was in order to invade and conquest the city.As a result, he can pillage the silvers and golds in Inca and get the permissions to do t his.This is one of main reason Hernan misdescribed the city of Temixtitlan. According to the second document â€Å"The History of the Inca Empire†,

Outline some of the difficulties for learners of english posed by the Essay

Outline some of the difficulties for learners of english posed by the english verbs system, both in form and meaning. suggest steps to a teacher on how to overcome these difficulties - Essay Example The action could have taken place in the past, in the present, or in the future. This calls for use of different tenses such as past, present or future tenses when describing the actions (Miendt 200). The learners are hence unable to correctly use them due to their inexperience in the use and meaning. The difficulty can be avoided by extensive reading in order for a learner to get used to tenses, as well as, continuous practice and use of English in everyday life. The other difficulty is poor formation of the verb string. There are some sentences that have a complicated structure. For example, a single string may comprise of auxiliaries and principles, as well as, a modal verb. The learners are unable to collect the parts of the string and put them in the correct order. This makes the learners use them incorrectly thereby distorting meaning. Multi –word verbs also pose great difficulties to the learners. These difficulties present themselves both in grammatical form and lexical meaning. Due to the fact that the verbs have more than one meaning, the learners have difficulty in interpreting the meaning where the same phrase is used in different contexts. These challenges can be overcomed by use of simple sentences that are easy to understand, as well as, making sure the learners understand the various meanings of each verb (Leech 11). The Chinese learners have difficulty in pronouncing English words correctly, as well as, reading English texts. This is because the Chinese words are not made up of letters as in the case of English where there are alphabets. The Chinese also have difficulty in stress and intonation. Since certain English phonemes do not exist in Chinese, it becomes difficult to pronounce these words properly, as difference in meaning is often distinguished by the pitch of the phoneme sound in Chinese language. It is important to note that phoneme sounds in English are